Knowledge and Compliance with Standard Precautions amongst Healthcare Workers in Selected Hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria
Asian Journal of Medicine and Health,
Page 11-22
DOI:
10.9734/ajmah/2020/v18i230181
Abstract
Background: Standard precautions (SPs) in the hospital are very important in the reduction of health care workers’ exposure to occupational health hazards but most hospitals are used to reactive rather than proactive safety practices. The effect of reactive safety practices is overwhelming to health care workers, hospitals and the society. Thus, this study assessed health care workers’ knowledge and compliance with standard precautions.
Materials and Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional design and proportionate stratified random sampling method was adopted and a sample size of 391was selected using Taro-Yamane formula. The study relied on a structured questionnaire to elicit information from respondents and a reliability of 0.87 was obtained. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used with the aid of statistical package for social science (SPSS) software version 21.
Results: Healthcare workers’ (HCWs) have fair knowledge of SPs and poor compliance with SPs. Also, there is significant association between HCWs’ knowledge of SPs and gender, marital status, years of experience and job category in the hospitals (p < 0.05). Consequently, there is significant association between compliance with SPs and gender, years of experience and job categories in the hospitals (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: There is great need for strong advocacy on knowledge of SPs and compliance with SPs in the hospitals to curb increasing occupational health hazards. The Nigeria government and hospital managements should develop an all-encompassing integrated SPs policies, strategies and procedures consistent with global best practices.
Keywords:
- Knowledge
- compliance
- standard precautions
- personal protective equipment
- hospitals.
How to Cite
Ogbonda, P. N., Douglas, K., & Moore, B. M. (2020). Knowledge and Compliance with Standard Precautions amongst Healthcare Workers in Selected Hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Medicine and Health, 18(2), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajmah/2020/v18i230181
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Okaro A, Eze C, Ohagwu C. Awareness, Knowledge and Attitude of Radiographers towards HIV/AIDS Patients Attending Radiology Clinics in Enugu State, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research. 2010;39(3):440–447.
Available:http://www.acrobatplanet.com/go/Knowledge_and_Attitude_of_Radiographers.pdf
Gammon J, Morgan-Samuel H, Gould D. A review of the evidence for suboptimal compliance of healthcare practitioners to standard/universal infection control precautions. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2008;17(2):157–167. Available:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01852.x
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Fadeyi A, Fowotade A, Abiodun MO, Jimoh AK, Nwabuisi C, Desalu OO. Awareness and practice of safety precautions among healthcare workers in the laboratories of two public health facilities in Nigeria. The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2011; 18(2):141–146.
Available:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21670783
Karim J, Al-Saraji M, Al-Mousawi F, Al-Haddad Z, Al-Sharaf D, Marwan Y Akhtar S. Knowledge and self-reported practice of universal precautions among Kuwait University medical students in their clinical years. Medical Principles and Practice. 2012;21(4):328–333.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1159/000335278
Musu M, Lai A, Mereu NM, Galletta M, Campagna M, Tidore M, Coppola RC. Assessing hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers in six Intensive Care Units. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene. 2017;58(3):E231–E237. Available:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29123370, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC5668933
Okechukwu EF, Motshedisi, C. Knowledge and practice of standard precautions in public health facilities in Abuja, Nigeria. International Journal of Infection Control. 2012;8(3).
Available:https://doi.org/10.3396/IJIC.V8I3.10003
Amoran O, Onwube O. Infection control and practice of standard precautions among healthcare workers in northern Nigeria. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 2013;5(4):156–163.
Available:https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-777X.122010
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Healthcare Safety Network patient safety component manual. Available:http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/TOC_PSCManual.html.2011.
Huang C, Wenjun M, Susan S. The hygienic efficacy of different hand-drying methods: A review of the evidence. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2012;87(8). Elsevier.
Towey L. Standard Precautions Policy; 2016.
Available:https://www.ashfordstpeters.info/images/policies/INF75.pdf.
Powers D, Armellino D, Dolansky M, Fitzpatrick J. Factors influencing nurse compliance with Standard Precautions. American Journal of Infection Control. 2016;44(1):4–7.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2015.10.001
Mcgrowder D, Vaz K, Alexander-lindo R, Gordon J, Brown PRI. Knowledge, awareness and compliance with universal care workers at the. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2010;1(4):171–181.
Ahasan MR, Partanen T. Occupational health and safety in the least developed countries--a simple case of neglect. Journal of Epidemiology. 2001;11(2):74–80.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.11.74
Watterson A, Ladou J. Health and safety executive inspection of U.K. semi-conductor manufacturers. International Journal of Occupational and Environ-mental Health; 2003.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2004.10.3.352.2003
Yassi A, Lockhart K, Copes R, Kerr M, Corbiere M, Bryce E, Team SS. Determinants of healthcare workers’ compliance with infection control procedures. Healthc Q. 2007;10(1):44–52. Available:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17326369
Zungu L, Sengane M, Setswe K. Knowledge and experiences of needle prick injuries (NPI) among nursing students at a university in Gauteng, South Africa. South African Family Practice. 2008;50(5):48-48c.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1080/20786204.2008.10873762
Askarian M, Yadollahi M, Kuochak F, Danaei M, Vakili V, Momeni M. Precautions for health care workers to avoid hepatitis B and C virus infection. The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2011;2:4.
Hinkin J, Gammon J, Cutter J. Review of personal protection equipment used in practice. British Journal of Community Nursing; 2008.
Available:https://doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2008.13.1.27978
WHO. International Council of Nurses (ICN): Healthcare worker health and Safety: preventing needle stick injuries and occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2012.
Abdulraheem IS, Amodu MO, Saka MJ, Bolarinwa OA, Uthman MMB. Knowledge, awareness and compliance with standard precautions among health workers in North Eastern Nigeria. Journal Community Medical Health Education 2012;2(3):1- 5.
Akagbo SE, Nortey P, Ackumey MM. Knowledge of standard precautions and barriers to compliance among healthcare workers in the Lower Manya Krobo District, Ghana. BMC Research Notes, 2017;10(1). Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2748-9
Yamane T. Statistics, an Introductory Analysis, 2nd Ed., New York; 1967.
Zhang M, Wang H, Miao J, Du X, Li T, Wu Z. Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids among health care workers in a general hospital, China. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2009;52(2):89–98. Available:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20645
Mahajan A, Bedi R. Knowledge and attitude of dentists in India towards patient safety – A cross-sectional study. Journal of Patient Safety & Infection Control. 2015; 3(3):134–138.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsic.2015.11.002
Ndu AC, Arinze-Onyia, SU. Standard precaution knowledge and adherence: Do doctors differ from medical laboratory scientists? Malawi Medical Journal. 2017: 29(4), 294–300.
Available:https://doi.org/10.4314/mmj.v29i4.3.
Aluko OO, Adebayo AE, Adebisi TF, Ewegbemi MK, Abidoye AT, Popoola BF. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of occupational hazards and safety practices in Nigerian healthcare workers. BMC Research Notes. 2016;9(1):71.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-1880-2
Hassan M, Awosan KJ, Nasir S, Tunau K, Burodo A, Yakubu A, Oche MO. Knowledge, risk perception and hepatitis B vaccination status of healthcare workers in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology. 2016;8(4):53–59. Available:https://doi.org/10.5897/JPHE2015.0795
Adebimpe WO. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Use of Safety Precautions Among Health Care Workers in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital, 1 Year After the Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic. Annals of Global Health, 2016;82(5):897–902.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2016.07.004
Vaz K, McGrowder D, Alexander-Lindo R, Gordon L, Brown P, Irving R. Knowledge, awareness and compliance with universal precautions among health care workers at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Jamaica. The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2010;1(4):171-181.
Haile TG, Engeda EH, Abdo AA. Compliance with standard precautions and associated factors among healthcare workers in Gondar University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Journal of Environmental and Public Health; 2017. Available:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2050635
Ogoina D, Pondei K, Adetunji B, Chima G, Isichei C, Gidado S. Knowledge, attitude and practice of standard precautions of infection control by hospital workers in two tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. Journal of Infection Prevention. 2015;16(1).
Available:https://doi.org/10.1177/1757177414558957
Okaro A, Eze C, Ohagwu C. Awareness, Knowledge and Attitude of Radiographers towards HIV/AIDS Patients Attending Radiology Clinics in Enugu State, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research. 2010;39(3):440–447.
Available:http://www.acrobatplanet.com/go/Knowledge_and_Attitude_of_Radiographers.pdf
Gammon J, Morgan-Samuel H, Gould D. A review of the evidence for suboptimal compliance of healthcare practitioners to standard/universal infection control precautions. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2008;17(2):157–167. Available:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01852.x
Haile TG, Engeda, EH, Abdo AA. Compliance with standard precautions and associated factors AMONG healthcare workers in Gondar University comprehensive specialized hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Journal of Environmental and Public Health; 2017. Available:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2050635.
Fadeyi A, Fowotade A, Abiodun MO, Jimoh AK, Nwabuisi C, Desalu OO. Awareness and practice of safety precautions among healthcare workers in the laboratories of two public health facilities in Nigeria. The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2011; 18(2):141–146.
Available:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21670783
Karim J, Al-Saraji M, Al-Mousawi F, Al-Haddad Z, Al-Sharaf D, Marwan Y Akhtar S. Knowledge and self-reported practice of universal precautions among Kuwait University medical students in their clinical years. Medical Principles and Practice. 2012;21(4):328–333.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1159/000335278
Musu M, Lai A, Mereu NM, Galletta M, Campagna M, Tidore M, Coppola RC. Assessing hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers in six Intensive Care Units. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene. 2017;58(3):E231–E237. Available:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29123370, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC5668933
Okechukwu EF, Motshedisi, C. Knowledge and practice of standard precautions in public health facilities in Abuja, Nigeria. International Journal of Infection Control. 2012;8(3).
Available:https://doi.org/10.3396/IJIC.V8I3.10003
Amoran O, Onwube O. Infection control and practice of standard precautions among healthcare workers in northern Nigeria. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 2013;5(4):156–163.
Available:https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-777X.122010
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Healthcare Safety Network patient safety component manual. Available:http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/TOC_PSCManual.html.2011.
Huang C, Wenjun M, Susan S. The hygienic efficacy of different hand-drying methods: A review of the evidence. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2012;87(8). Elsevier.
Towey L. Standard Precautions Policy; 2016.
Available:https://www.ashfordstpeters.info/images/policies/INF75.pdf.
Powers D, Armellino D, Dolansky M, Fitzpatrick J. Factors influencing nurse compliance with Standard Precautions. American Journal of Infection Control. 2016;44(1):4–7.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2015.10.001
Mcgrowder D, Vaz K, Alexander-lindo R, Gordon J, Brown PRI. Knowledge, awareness and compliance with universal care workers at the. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2010;1(4):171–181.
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