Effects of Vitamin C on Aluminum Chloride- Induced Neurotoxicity on the Hippocampal Cortex of Adult Wistar Male Rats
Innocent Effiom Offiong *
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
Adeshina John Ajibade
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
Foluso Olamide Ojo
University of Ilesa, Ilesa, Osun State, Nigeria.
Kehinde Busuyi David
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
Folorunso Kolade Pelumi
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of Vitamin C on aluminum chloride (AlCl₃)- induced brain damage, focusing on behavioral, biochemical, and histomorphological outcomes in a rodent model.
Study Design: A total of 42 healthy male rats were randomly assigned to three groups: control, AlCl₃ -only, and AlCl₃ plus Vitamin C (500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg). The AlCl₃ groups received daily doses of AlCl₃, while the Vitamin C groups received concurrent Vitamin C supplementation.
Methodology: Body weight, behavioral changes, biochemical markers of oxidative stress (MDA, SOD, GSH), and inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6) were assessed. Histomorphological analysis of the hippocampus was performed to evaluate structural damage. Behavioral assessments included locomotor and exploratory activity tests. Biochemical analyses measured oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities.
Results: AlCl₃ administration resulted in significant body weight loss, increased oxidative stress (elevated MDA, and SOD levels), and heightened inflammation (elevated TNF-α and IL-6). Behavioral tests showed increased excitatory activities, and increased anxiety levels as seen in increased rearing and grooming activities. Histomorphological examination revealed significant hippocampal damages as seen in the pale staining, shrunken pyramidal cells. Vitamin C co- administration mitigated these adverse effects, demonstrating reduced body weight loss, lower oxidative stress, decreased inflammation, and improved behavioral performance. Histological analysis indicated less hippocampal damage in the Vitamin C treated groups.
Conclusion: As an antioxidant, Vitamin C effectively attenuates the neurotoxic effects of AlCl₃ by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and by protecting the hippocampal cellular integrity. These findings suggest that Vitamin C holds potential as a therapeutic agent for mitigating neurotoxicity induced by aluminum compounds.
Keywords: Aluminum chloride neurotoxicity, vitamin C neuroprotection, Oxidative stress in the brain, Inflammation and aluminum exposure, Hippocampal damage and neurodegeneration, Antioxidant effects of Vitamin C